Praxiteles

Forum Replies Created

Viewing 20 posts - 2,001 through 2,020 (of 5,386 total)
  • Author
    Posts
  • Praxiteles
    Participant

    Michael VI, Stratiocus. 1056-1057 AD. AV Tetarteron. Constantinople mint. MHP QV, facing nimbate bust of Mary orans / + MIXAHL AUTOCRAT’, Michael standing on footstool, holding long cross & akakia.

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    Romanus III (1028-1034) Histamenon. Constantinople mint. +IhS XIS REX REGNANTInM, Christ enthroned / QCE bOHQ RWMAnW, Virgin Mary (nimbate) crowning Romanus.

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    Constantine VIII (1025-1028) Histamenon Nomisma. Constantinople mint. + IhS XIS REX REGNANTInM, bust of Christ facing, holding Gospels / + CWnSTAnTIn bASILEUS ROM, crowned bust of Constantine facing, holding labarum with pellet on shaft & akakia

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    Basil II AV Histamenon Nomisma. +IhS NIS REX REGNANTIhM, facing nimbate bust of Christ with cross nimbus / +bASIL C CONSTANTI b R, facing crowned busts of Basil & Constantine holding cross between them.

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    John I, 969-976, tetarteron nomisma. Nimbate bust of Christ facing, holding book of Gospels and raising right hand in benediction / John, holding patriarchal cross, being crowned by the nimbate Virgin; Manus Dei above his head.

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    Nicephorus II, Phocas, with Basil II, Histamenon Nomisma. Constantinople mint. +IhS XIS REX REGNANTIhm, facing bust of Christ, nimbate, raising hand in benediction, holding Gospels; nimbus with three pellets in arms of cross / NIKH FOP KAI RACIL’ AVG’R’ P’, crowned facing busts of Nicephorus, wearing loros, and Basil, wearing chlamys, holding patriarchal cross between them.

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    Romanus II 959-963 AD. Solidus Constantinople mint, struck 959 AD. +IhS XP REX REGNANTINM, nimbate (two pellets in arms of cross) facing bust of Christ, holding Gospels / Crowned facing busts of Constantine, with short beard and loros, and Romanus, beardless and wearing chlamys, holding patriarchal cross between them

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    A solidus of Leo VI (906-912), obverse Christ, robed in toga, not bearded, long hair, nimbus with cross, in imperial session, seated on lyre-backed throne, right hand in benediction (in the Greek manner), left hand holding the Gospel.

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    The first representation of Chirst to appear on Imperial coinage was struck in the reign of the Emperor Justinian II (705-711). Up this reign, Byzantine coinage continued the iconographic tradition of Rome on its coinage with the addition of the Christinan monogram. Below is an example of a gold solidus sytuck in Constantinople in 705 at the beginning of the reign of Justinian – which continues to denote the Emperor in Roman rather than Greek letters.

    The iconography of Christ on the obverse is typically late antique: Christ, in toga, bearded, right hand blessing, left hand holding the Gospel, cross behind head with the legend: Dominus Iesus Rex Regnantium (the Lod Jesus, King of Rulers).

    On the reverse, Justinian, crowned, dressed in the loros, without pendillia, long hair, bearded, holding the cross potent in his right hand and the globus cruciger (patriarchal) with the inscription “Pax” in his left, with the legend Iustinianus Rex mul(tus) Aug(augustus).

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    On Eastern Iconoclasm:

    History/Medieval Studies 303
    Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades

    DOCUMENTS OF THE ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY

    I. Iconodule Position
    II. Iconoclast Position

    ICONODULE POSITION:

    1. Qunisextum Council (in Trullo), 692 A.D., ruling by Justinian II (685-695; 705-711). Mansi XI, cols. 977-80 = A. Bryer and J. Herrin, Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977), p. 182, no. 15.

    “Now, in order that perfection be represented before the eyes of all people, even in paintings, we ordain that from now on Christ our God, the Lamb who took upon Himself the sins of the world, be set up, even in images according to His human character, instead of the ancient Lamb. Through this figure we realize the height of the humiliation of God the Word and are led to remember His life in the flesh, His suffering, and His saving death, and the redemption ensuing from it for the world.”

    2. John of Damascus (675-749), Oration (PG 94, cols. 1258C-D) = A. Bryer and J. Herrin, Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977), p. 183, no. 20.

    “When we set up an image of Christ in any place, we appeal to the senses, and indeed we sanctify the sense of sight, which is the highest among the perceptive senses, just as by sacred speech we sanctify the sense of hearing. An image is, after all, a reminder; it is to the illiterate what a book is to the literate, and what the word is to the hearing, the image is to sight. We remember that God ordered that a vessel be made from wood that would not rot, guilded inside and out, and that the tables of the law should be placed in it and the staff and the golden vessel containing the manna–all this for a reminder of what had taken place, and a foreshadowing of what was to come. What was this but a visual image, more compelling than any sermon? And this sacred thing was not placed in some obscure corner of the tabernacle; it was displayed in full view of the people, so that whenever they looked at it they would give honor and worship to the God Who had through its contents made known His design to them. They were of course not worshipping the things themselves; they were being led through them to recall the wonderful works of God, and to adore Him Whose words they had witnessed.”

    3. Horos (Definition of Faith) at the Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, 787 A.D., Mansi XIII, col. 252 = A. Bryer and J. Herrin, Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977), p. 184, no. 21.

    “We define with accuracy and care that the venerable and holy icons be set up like the form of the venerable and life-giving Cross, inasmuch as the matter consisting of colors and pebbles and other matter is appropriate in the holy church of God, on sacred vessels and vestments, walls and panels, in houses and on the roads, as well as the images of our Lord and God and Savior Jesus Christ, of our undefiled Lady of the Holy Mother of God, of the angels worthy of honor, and of all the holy and pious men. For the more frequently they are seen by means of pictorial representation the more those who behold them are aroused to remember and desire the prototypes and to give them greeting and worship of honor–but not the true worship of our faith which befits only the divine nature–but to offer them both incense and candles, in the same way as to the form and the venerable and life-giving Cross and the holy Gospel and to the other sacred objects, as was the custom even of the ancients.”

    ICONOCLASTIC POSITION:

    1. The Horos (Definition of Faith) at the Council of Hiera, 754 A.D., Mansi XIII, col. 208 =
    A. Bryer and J. Herrin, Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977), p. 184, no. 19.

    “The divine nature is completely uncircumscribable and cannot be depicted or represented in any medium whatsoever. The word Christ means both God and Man, and an icon of Christ would therefore have to be an image of God in the flesh of the Son of God. But this is impossible. The artist would fall either into the heresy which claims that the divine and human natures of Christ are separate or into that which holds that there is only one nature of Christ.”

    2. The Horos (Definition of Faith) at Iconoclastic Council of 815 A.D., A. Bryer and J. Herrin, Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977), p. 184, no. 22.

    “Wherefore, taking to heart the correct doctrine, we banish from the Catholic Church the unwarranted manufacture of the spurious icons that has been so audaciously proclaimed, impelled as we are by a judicious judgment; nay, by passing a righteous judgment upon the veneration of icons that has been injudiciously proclaimed by Tarasius [Patriarch, 784-802] and so refuting it, we declare his assembly [i.e. Seventh Ecumenical Council in 787] invalid in that it bestowed exaggerated honor to painting, namely, as has already been said, the lighting of candles and lamps and the offering of incense, these marks of veneration being those of worship. We gladly accept, on the other hand, the pious council that was held at Blachernae, in the church of the all-pure Virgin, under the pious Emperors Constantine V and Leo IV [in 754] that was fortified by the doctrine of the Fathers, and in preserving without alteration what was expressed by it, we decree that the manufacture of ;icons is unfit for veneration and useless. We refrain, however, from calling them idols since there is a distinction between different kinds of evil.“

    Praxiteles
    Participant

    And to continue the series of significant equestrian portraits, here we have Titian’s famous 1547 portrait of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V as the Miles Christi at the Battle of Muehlberg and bearing the principal item of the imperial regalia, the Holy Lance.

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772543
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    And here is that interview with the Papal Master of Ceremonies in the original Italian:

    UFFICIO DELLE CELEBRAZIONI LITURGICHE
    DEL SOMMO PONTEFICE

    INTERVISTA DI MONS. GUIDO MARINI
    AL PERIODICO MENSILE “RADICI CRISTIANE”
    N. 42 DEL MESE DI MARZO 2009

    Senza parole dinanzi alla grandezza e alla bellezza del mistero di Dio
    A cura di Maddalena della Somaglia

    Il Santo Padre sembra avere nella liturgia uno dei temi di fondo del suo pontificato. Lei, che lo segue così da vicino, ci può confermare questa impressione?

    Direi di sì. D’altra parte è degno di nota che il primo volume dell’ “opera omnia” del Santo Padre, di ormai prossima pubblicazione anche in Italia, sia proprio quello dedicato agli scritti che hanno come oggetto la liturgia. Nella prefazione al volume, lo stesso Joseph Ratzinger sottolinea questo fatto, rilevando che la precedenza data agli scritti liturgici non è casuale, ma desiderata: sulla falsariga del Concilio Vaticano II, che promulgò come primo documento la Costituzione dedicata alla Sacra Liturgia, seguita dall’altra grande Costituzione dedicata alla Chiesa. E’ nella liturgia, infatti, che si manifesta il mistero della Chiesa. Si comprende, allora, il motivo per cui la liturgia è uno dei temi di fondo del pontificato di Benedetto XVI: è dalla liturgia che prende avvio il rinnovamento e la riforma della Chiesa.

    Esiste un rapporto tra la liturgia e l’arte e l’architettura sacra? Il richiamo del Papa a una continuità della Chiesa in campo liturgico non dovrebbe essere esteso anche all’arte e all’architettura sacra?

    Esiste certamente un rapporto vitale tra la liturgia, l’arte e l’architettura sacra. Anche perché l’arte e l’architettura sacra, proprio in quanto tali, devono risultare idonee alla liturgia e ai suoi grandi contenuti, che trovano espressione nella celebrazione. L’arte sacra, nelle sue molteplici manifestazioni, vive in relazione con l’infinita bellezza di Dio e deve orientare a Dio alla sua lode e alla sua gloria. Tra liturgia, arte e architettura non vi può essere, dunque, contraddizione o dialettica. Di conseguenza, se è necessario che vi sia una continuità teologico-storica nella liturgia, questa stessa continuità deve trovare espressione visibile e coerente anche nell’arte e nell’architettura sacra.

    Papa Benedetto XVI ha recentemente affermato in un suo messaggio che “la società parla con l’abito che indossa”. Pensa si potrebbe applicare questo anche alla liturgia?

    In effetti, tutti parliamo anche attraverso l’abito che indossiamo. L’abito è un linguaggio, così come lo è ogni forma espressiva sensibile. Anche la liturgia parla con l’abito che indossa, ovvero con tutte le sue forme espressive, che sono molteplici e ricchissime, antiche e sempre nuove. In questo senso, “l’abito liturgico”, per rimanere al termine da Lei usato, deve sempre essere vero, vale a dire in piena sintonia con la verità del mistero celebrato. Il segno esterno non può che essere in relazione coerente con il mistero della salvezza in atto nel rito. E, non va mai dimenticato, l’abito proprio della liturgia è un abito di santità: vi trova espressione, infatti, la santità di Dio. A quella santità siamo chiamati a rivolgerci, di quella santità siamo chiamati a rivestirci, realizzando così la pienezza della partecipazione.

    In un’intervista all’Osservatore Romano, Lei ha evidenziato i principali cambiamenti avvenuti da quando ha assunto la carica di Maestro delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche Pontificie. Ce li potrebbe ricordare e spiegarcene il significato?

    Affermando subito che i cambiamenti a cui lei fa riferimento sono da leggere nel segno di uno sviluppo nella continuità con il passato anche più recente, ne ricordo uno in particolare: la collocazione della croce al centro dell’altare. Tale collocazione ha la capacità di tradurre, anche nel segno esterno, il corretto orientamento della celebrazione al momento della Liturgia Eucaristica, quando celebrante e assemblea non si guardano reciprocamente ma insieme guardano verso il Signore. D’altra parte il legame altare – croce permette di mettere meglio in risalto, insieme all’aspetto conviviale, la dimensione sacrificale della Messa, la cui rilevanza è sempre fondamentale, direi sorgiva, e, dunque, bisognosa di trovare sempre un’espressione ben visibile nel rito.

    Abbiamo notato che il Santo Padre, da qualche tempo, dà sempre la Santa Comunione in bocca e in ginocchio. Vuole questo essere un esempio per tutta la Chiesa e un incoraggiamento per i fedeli a ricevere Nostro Signore con maggiore devozione?

    Come si sa la distribuzione della Santa Comunione sulla mano rimane tutt’ora, dal punto di vista giuridico, un indulto alla legge universale, concesso dalla Santa Sede a quelle Conferenze Episcopali che ne abbiano fatto richiesta. E ogni fedele, anche in presenza dell’eventuale indulto, ha diritto di scegliere il modo secondo cui accostarsi alla Comunione. Benedetto XVI, cominciando a distribuire la Comunione in bocca e in ginocchio, in occasione della solennità del “Corpus Domini” dello scorso anno, in piena consonanza con quanto previsto dalla normativa liturgica attuale, ha inteso forse sottolineare una preferenza per questa modalità. D’altra parte si può anche intuire il motivo di tale preferenza: si mette meglio in luce la verità della presenza reale nell’Eucaristia, si aiuta la devozione dei fedeli, si introduce con più facilità al senso del mistero.

    Il Motu Proprio “Summorum Pontificum” si presenta come un atto tra i più importanti del pontificato di Benedetto XVI. Qual è il suo parere?

    Non so dire se sia uno dei più importanti, ma certamente è un atto importante. E lo è non solo perché si tratta di un passo molto significativo nella direzione di una riconciliazione all’interno della Chiesa, non solo perché esprime il desiderio che si arrivi a un reciproco arricchimento tra le due forme del rito romano, quello ordinario e quello straordinario, ma anche perché è l’indicazione precisa, sul piano normativo e liturgico, di quella continuità teologica che il Santo Padre aveva presentato come l’unica corretta ermeneutica per la lettura e la comprensione della vita della Chiesa e, in specie, del Concilio Vaticano II.

    Qual è a suo avviso l’importanza del silenzio nella liturgia e nella vita della Chiesa?

    E’ un’importanza fondamentale. Il silenzio è necessario alla vita dell’uomo, perché l’uomo vive di parole e di silenzi. Così il silenzio è tanto più necessario alla vita del credente che vi ritrova un momento insostituibile della propria esperienza del mistero di Dio. Non si sottrae a questa necessità la vita della Chiesa e, nella Chiesa, la liturgia. Qui il silenzio dice ascolto e attenzione al Signore, alla sua presenza e alla Sua parola; e, insieme, dice l’atteggiamento di adorazione. L’adorazione, dimensione necessaria dell’atto liturgico, esprime l’incapacità umana di pronunciare parole, rimanendo “senza parole” davanti alla grandezza del mistero di Dio e alla bellezza del suo amore.

    La celebrazione liturgica è fatta di parole, di canto, di musica, di gesti…E’ fatta anche di silenzio e di silenzi. Se questi venissero a mancare o non fossero sufficientemente sottolineati, la liturgia non sarebbe più compiutamente se stessa perché verrebbe a essere privata di una dimensione insostituibile della sua natura.

    Oggigiorno si sentono, durante le celebrazioni liturgiche, le musiche le più diverse. Quale musica, secondo lei, è più adatta ad accompagnare la liturgia?

    Come ci ricorda il Santo Padre Benedetto XVI, e con lui tutta la tradizione passata e recente della Chiesa, vi è un canto proprio della Liturgia e questo è il canto gregoriano che, come tale, costituisce un criterio permanente per la musica liturgica. Come anche, un criterio permanente, lo costituisce la grande polifonia dell’epoca del rinnovamento cattolico, che trova la più alta espressione in Palestrina.

    Accanto a queste forme insostituibili del canto liturgico troviamo le molteplici manifestazioni del canto popolare, importantissime e necessarie: purché si attengano a quel criterio permanente per il quale il canto e la musica hanno diritto di cittadinanza nella liturgia nella misura in cui scaturiscono dalla preghiera e conducono alla preghiera, consentendo così un’autentica partecipazione al mistero celebrato.

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772542
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    El Greco, the Burial of the Count of Orgaz(1586-1588) – depiciting the birth of the saints from the womb of the Church:

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772541
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    Some notes on Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος, El Greco:

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772540
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    And just in case the Cloyne HACK -which faces imminent dissolution – have not noticed we are right smack bang in the middle of a dynamic liturgical revolutionwhich is fast leaving the 1960s bolschies behind. the follwoing is an English translation (which appeared on the site of the New Liturgical Movement) of an interview recently given by the present Papal Master of Ceremonies:

    OFFICE OF THE LITURGICAL CELEBRATIONS OF THE SUPREME PONTIFF

    INTERVIEW OF MONS. GUIDO MARINI
    IN THE PERIODICAL “RADICI CRISTIANE”
    N. 42 OF THE MONTH FOR MARCH 2009

    Without words before the greatness and beauty of the mystery of God

    by Maddalena della Somaglia

    The Holy Father seems to have the liturgy as one of the basic themes of his pontificate. You, who follow him so closely, can you confirm this impression?

    I would say yes. It is noteworthy that the first volume of the “opera omnia” of the Holy Father, soon to be published in Italian, is that devoted to those writings which have as their object the liturgy. In the preface to that volume, the same Joseph Ratzinger emphasizes this fact, noting that the precedence given to the liturgical writings is not accidental, but desired: in the same way as Vatican II, which first promulgated the Constitution dedicated to the Sacred Liturgy, followed by the great Constitution on the Church. [Lumen Gentium] It is in the liturgy, in fact, where the mystery of the Church is made manifest. It is understandable, then, the reason why the liturgy should be one of the basic themes of the papacy of Benedict XVI: it is in the liturgy that the renewal and reform of the Church begins.

    Is there a relationship between the sacred liturgy and art and architecture? Should the call of the Pope to continuity in the liturgy be extended to art and sacred architecture?

    There is certainly a vital relationship between the liturgy, sacred art and architecture. In part because sacred art and architecture, as such, must be suitable to the liturgy and its content, which finds expression in its celebration. Sacred art in its many manifestations, lives in connection with the infinite beauty of God and toward God, and should be oriented to His praise and His glory. Between liturgy, art and architecture there cannot be then, contradiction or dialectic. As a consequence, if it is necessary for a theological and historical continuity in the liturgy, this continuity should therefore also be a visible and coherent expression in sacred art and architecture.

    Pope Benedict XVI recently said in an address that “society speaks with the clothes that it wears.” Do you think this could apply to the liturgy?

    In effect, we all speak by the clothes that we wear. Dress is a language, as is every form of external expression. The liturgy also speaks with the clothes it wears, and with all its expressive forms, which are many and rich, ever ancient and ever new. In this sense, “liturgical dress”, to stay with the terminology you have used, must always be true, that is, in full harmony with the truth of the mystery celebrated. The external signs have to be in harmonious relation with the mystery of salvation in place in the rite. And, it should never be forgotten that the actual clothing of the liturgy is a clothing of sanctity: it finds expression, in fact, in the holiness of God. We are called to face this holiness, we are called to put on that holiness, realizing the fullness of participation.

    In an interview with L’Osservatore Romano, you have highlighted the key changes since taking the post of Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations. Could you recall and explain what these mean?

    I was just saying that the changes to which you refer are to be understood as a sign of a development in continuity with the recent past, and I remember one in particular: the location of the cross at the centre of the altar. This positioning has the ability to express, also by external sign, proper orientation at the time of the celebration of the Eucharistic Liturgy, that the celebrant and the assembly do not look upon each other but together turn toward the Lord. Also, the unity of the altar and cross together can better show forth, together with the “banquet” aspect, the sacrificial dimension of the Mass, whose significance is always essential, I would say it springs from it, and therefore, always needs to find a visible expression in the rite.

    We have noticed that the Holy Father, for some time now, always gives Holy Communion upon the tongue and kneeling. Does he want this to serve as an example for the whole Church, and an encouragement for the faithful to receive our Lord with greater devotion?

    As we know the distribution of Holy Communion in the hand remains still, from a legal point of view, an exception [indult] to the universal law, granted by the Holy See to the bishops conferences who so request it. Every believer, even in the presence of an exception [indult], has the right to choose the way in which they will receive Communion. Benedict XVI, began to distribute Communion on the tongue and kneeling on the occasion of the Solemnity of Corpus Christi last year, in full consonance with the provisions of the current liturgical law, perhaps intending to emphasize a preference for this method. One can imagine the reason for this preference: it shines more light on the truth of the real presence in the Eucharist, it helps the devotion of the faithful, and it indicated more easily the sense of mystery.

    The Motu Proprio “Summorum Pontificum” is presented as the most important activity in the papacy of Benedict XVI. What is your opinion?

    I do not know whether it is the most important but it certainly is an important document. It is not only so because it is a very significant step towards a reconciliation within the Church, not only because it expresses the desire to arrive at a mutual enrichment between the two forms of the Roman Rite, the ordinary and extraordinary, but also because it is the precise indication, in law and liturgy, of that theological continuity which the Holy Father has presented as the only correct hermeneutic for reading and understanding of the life of the Church and, especially, of Vatican II.

    What in his view the importance of silence in the liturgy and the life of the Church?

    It is of fundamental importance. Silence is necessary for the life of man, because man lives in both words and silences. Silence is all the more necessary to the life of the believer who finds there a unique moment of their experience of the mystery of God. The life of the Church and the Church’s liturgy cannot be exempt from this need. Here the silence speaks of listening carefully to the Lord, to His presence and His word, and, together these express the attitude of adoration. Adoration, a necessary dimension of the liturgical action, expresses the human inability to speak words, being “speechless” before the greatness of God’s mystery and beauty of His love.

    The celebration of the liturgy is made up of texts, singing, music, gestures and also of silence and silences. If these were lacking or were not sufficiently emphasized, the liturgy would not be complete and would be deprived of an irreplaceable dimension of its nature.

    Nowadays you hear, during the liturgical celebrations, very diverse music. What music do you think is most suitable to accompany the liturgy?

    As the Holy Father Benedict XVI reminds us, and along with him the recent and past tradition of the Church, the liturgy has its own music and that is Gregorian chant, and as such, it constitutes the permanent criterion for liturgical music. As well, a permanent criterion is also the great polyphony of Catholic renaissance, which finds its highest expression in Palestrina.

    Beside these irreplaceable forms of liturgical music we find many manifestations of popular song, which are very important and necessary: so long as they adhere to that permanent criterion by which song and music have a right of citizenship within the liturgy, to the extent that they spring from prayer and lead to prayer, thus allowing genuine participation in the mystery celebrated.

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772539
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    ANd a piece of recommended reading from the Pugin Foundation: A book by Michael Fisher on the Hardman’s of Birmingham who produced much of the galss and fittings in so many 19th century Irish churches.

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772538
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    And another article by Brian Andrews on St. James’ Church, Ramsgrange, Co. Wexford, also by Brian Andrews and published by the Pugin Foundation in Tasmania.

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772537
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    Here we have a very good article on St. Michael’s Church, Gorey, Co. Wexford, written by the great Pugin scholar Brian Andrews and published by the Pugin Foundation in Tasmania:

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772536
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    El Greco

    The Assumption, with Sts, John the Baptist, Peter, Dominic, Benedict, Sebastian, John, and Francis

    in reply to: reorganisation and destruction of irish catholic churches #772535
    Praxiteles
    Participant

    El Greco

    The Pietà

Viewing 20 posts - 2,001 through 2,020 (of 5,386 total)